Wednesday, October 31, 2012

Finding New Tricks To Get More Satisfaction Out Of Low-Fat Foods

The secret to making something low-fat taste good and keep us fuller longer may be in its thickness.

The secret to making something low-fat taste good and keep us fuller longer may be in its thickness.

i
The secret to making something low-fat taste good and keep us fuller longer may be in its thickness.

The secret to making something low-fat taste good and keep us fuller longer may be in its thickness.

A thick and creamy shake sounds deliciously satisfying, and adding that kind of "mouth feel" to low-fat foods has become a multi-billion-dollar business. But are we really fooled?

Some attempts to get people to eat less of some kinds of thick, low-calorie foods have backfired. People actually ate more when their bodies realized that what appeared to be a high-calorie treat was not.

So scientists have been trying to figure out just what it is that makes us feel satisfied. Is it the thick? The creamy? Or just the calories? It's complicated.

Even a subtle increase in texture can do the trick, according to new research out of the University of Sussex in England. They found that volunteers were able to detect even slight differences in the thickness and creaminess of a yogurt drink with different levels of a thickener, tara gum. It's derived from the pods of trees native to the Peruvian Andes, and is added to ice cream and other foods to make them thicker and creamier.

The volunteers said both thickness and creaminess made the drinks more filling. But when it came to keeping people from getting hungry, they said only the sensation of thickness matters.

Confused? We here at The Salt were, too. So we asked Kari McCrickerd, the lead author of the study, what it means.

The experience of eating has two key stages, she says satiation and satiety.

Satiation is that feeling of becoming full while eating, until it's time to say "no more."

Satiety, on the other hand, is "how long to we wait to eat again and how much do we eat at the next meal", McCrickerd says in an email. They are, she added, two subtly different, yet related experiences. Only the drinks that seemed thick offered the sensation of satiety.

People may be more sensitive to thickness, she says, because it's less subtle than creaminess, and we have more experience with filling up on thick foods. Hello, mashed potatoes! Creaminess may not be a strong enough signal to convey that message alone. The results were published online in the journal Flavour.

So eaters in search of satiety may want to consider thickness as a source of satisfaction.

Wonder what other gums are thickening up your food? NPR's Eliza Barclay gave the lowdown, from alginates to Xanthan gum.


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Behind A Halloween Mask, Even 'Good' Kids Can Turn Into Candy Thieves

Is there an angel or a devil behind the mask? Scientists say it may not matter in terms of anonymous behavior.

Is there an angel or a devil behind the mask? Scientists say it may not matter in terms of anonymous behavior.

i
Is there an angel or a devil behind the mask? Scientists say it may not matter in terms of anonymous behavior.

Is there an angel or a devil behind the mask? Scientists say it may not matter in terms of anonymous behavior.

Vampires and monsters will be out in force tonight on Halloween, but some of the darkest creatures out there might be your little angels inside those costumes.

It's been more than a quarter century since psychologists discovered that the cloak of anonymity of Halloween costumes gives children license to steal not just candy, but real money. In a naturalistic experiment published in 1976 into the behavior of 1,352 children in the Seattle area on Halloween, researchers found that virtually all children were willing to join in the stealing given the right circumstances. The kids varied in age from four and five year-olds to pre-teens.

Scott Fraser was one of the researchers. In an interview this week with The Salt, he says the study challenged an idea that was universally believed at the time, and is still widely held today: People who do bad things are bad people; actions derive from character. Not so, Fraser says. Given the right circumstances, both children and adults can be induced to violate social norms. The context, not character, is king.

Among the chief factors that can turn good kids into thieves: Anonymity. And that's what led the researchers to study kids at Halloween, Fraser said.

"The basic brainstorm that occured is that here's a naturally occurring event in our society where children come dressed in costumes," he says. "They would be dressed as ballerinas, holding masks over their eyes they essentially were anonymous."

Fraser was a psychologist at the University of Washington at Seattle at the time, and now teaches at UCLA and USC. The study, which was led by psychologist Edward Diener, was published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

So, how'd they do it?

The set-up was simple. Researchers allowed kids to show up at 27 homes that had been set up for the experiment. A woman welcomed the trick-or-treaters, and admired their costumes. She made no effort to identify the children. She then showed them to a table. There were two bowls on the table. One held delectable candies. The other was filled with coins. The woman told the children they were each allowed to take only one piece of candy. If anyone asked about the money, the child was told the money was meant for a charitable cause and was to be picked up soon.

Then, the woman disapperared into another room. Secretly, however, researchers hidden behind closet doors or decorative curtains watched the kids.

When the kids were confident that they were anonymous, and especially when they were in large groups, nearly all the children made off with more candy than they were allowed, or with money, or with both. There were 416 separate occasions where children took stuff they were not supposed to take.

"In fact we had some groups that came, and they simply turned the bowl over, divided all the candies up, put it in their bags and left," Fraser recalls. "They robbed us blind."

Leadership also played a role. When children came in a group and a single child was told he or she was responsible for making sure the others took only one candy each but no effort was made to identify the leader thievery became the norm. The leader knew he or she could act with impunity. And when that happened, nearly all the other kids followed suit.

Fraser said that he sees connections between the kids' behavior and the different ways in which adults break rules, up to and including atrocities committed by soldiers in wartime. Given the cloak of anonymity and unethical leadership, wrongdoing becomes the norm.

"The first thought that comes to mind when an individual commits a horrendous act is to ascribe some kind of character feature that is particular to that individual and that most people feel they don't possess," Fraser said. We think, "that's a serial killer who's a psychopath [or] that's a very rude person but [it's] not me."

The psychologists found that when the trick-or-treaters came with a supervising adult, when they came individually and when they were asked for their names and addresses before being shown to the table, honesty levels soared.

So, if you want masked kids to be honest tonight as they reach their sticky hands into the candy bowl, you may want to trust but verify.

Actually, scratch that. Don't trust them. Verify.


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The Truth About Nepal's Blood-Drinking Festivals

  • Yaks roam the hills in the Mustang District, in Nepal's Dhaulagiri Zone. Every day during the annual blood-drinking festival, attendees wait and watch for the yaks. Only male yaks are bled.
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    Yaks roam the hills in the Mustang District, in Nepal's Dhaulagiri Zone. Every day during the annual blood-drinking festival, attendees wait and watch for the yaks. Only male yaks are bled.
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    Jana Asenbrennerova
  • The festival takes place where the yaks roam, about 4,000 meters above sea level. Here, festival-goers return to their campsite after bleeding yaks.
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    The festival takes place where the yaks roam, about 4,000 meters above sea level. Here, festival-goers return to their campsite after bleeding yaks.
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    Jana Asenbrennerova
  • Men struggle with a yak before he is bled. About five yaks are caught each morning during the festival. Each yak supplies about 15 glasses of blood.
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    Men struggle with a yak before he is bled. About five yaks are caught each morning during the festival. Each yak supplies about 15 glasses of blood.
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    Jana Asenbrennerova
  • A woman boils water in a pot for cooking. All of the food consumed during the blood-drinking festival must be brought up to the campsite from the village of Marpha below. The trek uphill takes about four hours.
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    A woman boils water in a pot for cooking. All of the food consumed during the blood-drinking festival must be brought up to the campsite from the village of Marpha below. The trek uphill takes about four hours.
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    Jana Asenbrennerova
  • In the afternoon everyone goes back to the campsite. The men drink and play cards for most of the day until late into the night.
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    In the afternoon everyone goes back to the campsite. The men drink and play cards for most of the day until late into the night.
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    Jana Asenbrennerova
  • Hide caption
    A man the locals call "doctor" sharpens the blade which he will use to cut the throat of a yak.
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    Jana Asenbrennerova
  • Blood flows from an incision in a yak's vein into into a cup. The yak will be released after he is bled.
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    Blood flows from an incision in a yak's vein into into a cup. The yak will be released after he is bled.
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    Jana Asenbrennerova
  • A woman drinks a glass of fresh yak blood. She is attending the festival with her family in hopes that drinking the blood will help heal her ongoing digestive problems. Some people go for the day; others stay the entire week. The average attendee drinks a glass of blood per day.
    Hide caption
    A woman drinks a glass of fresh yak blood. She is attending the festival with her family in hopes that drinking the blood will help heal her ongoing digestive problems. Some people go for the day; others stay the entire week. The average attendee drinks a glass of blood per day.
    Previous Next
    Jana Asenbrennerova

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"Blood-drinking festival." Reading those words, it's hard not to get either creeped out or curious especially around Halloween.

I opted for curiosity. Which is how I discovered photojournalist Jana Asenbrennerova's stunning photo essay on an obscure custom that takes place each year in the remote, mist-wrapped highlands of Nepal. These festivals are actually a reflection of the complex relationship that Nepal's Buddhists have with eating meat.

First, to be clear, we're talking yak blood here. Yaks are large, shaggy-haired animals related to cattle that live in the high altitudes of the Himalayas. Up there, yaks graze on herbs that villagers believe are good for digestion but aren't directly digestible by humans.

Yak blood is believed to contain the herbs' medicinal properties and other healthful benefits. "They drink it because they think the blood has healing properties," says Assenbrennerova. And so once or twice a year, villagers undertake an arduous trek up the hillsides to where the yaks roam. They set up camp for about a week, rustle up the yaks, carefully slit their neck veins and cup the blood that pours forth, drinking it while it's still hot.

Then they let the animals go.

"The yaks seem to be fine," says Assenbrennerova. "They don't like it, obviously, but they just run away."

She documented one of these festivals in August of last year in the hills above Marpha, a village in the Mustang District, in the Dhaulagiri Zone of northern Nepal. The festival site was a four-hour hike away, at a spot some 4,000 meters above sea level. What she found was essentially a village camp out.

"They play cards it's like a big camp for them," she says. "They get to be away from home."

"It's a bit of a wild party scene," adds anthropologist Mark Turin of the Yale Himalaya Initiative.

He's attended the festivals in the past they're "fairly widespread" across the sparsely populated parts of central and western Nepal, he says. Usually around 70 people or so will attend, says Turin, who has spent two decades living in and studying the region. One draw is the social aspect of the events, he says.

But there's another, unspoken motivation: the prospect of yak meat. "A yak is a serious animal," says Turin. "There's a lot of edible meat on a yak."

Let's back up for a second: The staple Nepalese diet consists of rice, lentils and vegetables. Meat is a rarity in the rural parts where the festivals prevail, says Turin. These communities are largely Buddhists, he says and Buddhists are not allowed to kill animals. They are, however, allowed to eat the meat of an animal who dies by accident. Over-bleeding, he says, is a pretty good "way to accidentally end up with a dead yak."

Assenbrennerova says no animals died during her 24-hour stay at the campsite. But Turin says that's not usually the case.

"Every time I've been to one of these festivals," says Turin, "I've seen one or two yaks accidentally bled to death."


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As U.S. States Look To Add Food Labels, Denmark Looks To Subtract Some

Just some of the food labels a Danish government group is evaluating.

Just some of the food labels a Danish government group is evaluating.

i
Just some of the food labels a Danish government group is evaluating.

Just some of the food labels a Danish government group is evaluating.

Wherever you look these days, it seems labels that strive to send a message about our food are on the table. In California, there's a vote coming up on whether genetically modified foods should be labeled. A few weeks ago, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission updated its guidelines for "green" labeling. And now The New York Times food writer Mark Bittman has stepped into the fray with an op-ed outlining his suggestion for a multicolored, multicategory "dream" food label that aims to convey how healthful, natural and humane a food is.

No question, as consumers have become more interested in the back story of whatever they're tossing in the shopping cart, the proliferation of "pick me!" logos has become somewhat overwhelming. The international Ecolabel Index, for example, keeps tabs on no less than 432 marks administered by governments, nongovernmental organizations and industry alliances (and those are just "green" labels, having nothing to do with nutrition).

The Index's Anastasia O'Rourke says this sea of stylized leaves and bean sprouts is confusing not only to individual consumers but to major purchasers like universities trying hard to do the right thing.

Luckily for those of us who've experienced the tennis-spectator whiplash of too much time spent deciding between competing bags of do-gooder coffee, there's hope. O'Rourke can quickly tick off four major efforts working toward standardizing the whole labeling game. Some of the major players include the European Commission, United Nations and International Organization for Standardization.

OK, so hope, but maybe not of the fleet-footed variety. As the magazine Der Spiegel points out, past efforts to pare the list have been less than successful.

Nonetheless, a few individual countries have begun trying to sort things out for themselves. One of those is Denmark, where the government and Consumer Council are currently working out an agreement to analyze some of the most common ecolabels, with an eye for accuracy and areas of overlap. The goal is then to "weed out" some of the labels (to the extent that's legally possible) and suggest tools that could make life easier for shoppers.

One option might be a mobile phone app that scans product labels to provide even more information about a product's history, a la the GoodGuide. Another might be a take-along program alerting consumers to which ecolabels cover the issues that matter to them most. The Danish Competition and Consumer Authority already has a nifty prototype for that one on its website, where shoppers can check categories like "organic," "animal welfare" or "Fair Trade" and see which labels pop up kind of an ecolabel Whac-A-Mole.

The tug of war between informing consumers and making them want to bury their heads in the sand is nothing new, says Jens Ring, who's with the European Commission in Copenhagen and has been working in the consumer affairs arena for years. "Before, it was discussion about whether the letters on labels should be 1 millimeter tall or less. There's always a trade-off. It's a constant discussion." And one that's not likely to be wrapping up soon.


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The Hard-Boiled Truth About Egg Soups

Get recipes for Stracciatella, Not My Mother's Egg Drop Soup and Double Lemon Avgolemono Soup.

Get recipes for Stracciatella, Not My Mother's Egg Drop Soup and Double Lemon Avgolemono Soup.

Get recipes for Stracciatella, Not My Mother's Egg Drop Soup and Double Lemon Avgolemono Soup.

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October 31, 2012

The chicks arrived five months ago eight gray, blond, black and tawny puffballs no bigger than the eggs they'd been hatched from a day earlier. They had a slavishly devoted audience within minutes and names within 24 hours. Every couple of weeks they doubled in size, and over the summer they ballooned from 2 ounces to 7 pounds as we furiously worked to complete their permanent coop.

About The Author

T. Susan Chang regularly reviews cookbooks for The Boston Globe, NPR.org and the cookbook-indexing website Eat Your Books. She's the author of A Spoonful of Promises: Recipes and Stories From a Well-Tempered Table. For more information, visit her blog, Cookbooks for Dinner.

Every so often, someone would ask us: "What are you going to do with all those eggs?" Eight hens each laying about five days out of seven equals some 40 eggs a week when they're at their busiest, and not molting or sick or too old or too cold to lay. It might sound like a lot for just four people, but we're a family of egg eaters. We all eat eggs for breakfast, and we each have a different favorite: scrambled, poached, steamed or spicy/tomato-y. We regularly make desserts with eggs. We even eat eggs (occasionally egg salad) for lunch. When we're sick, it's always egg soup.

I don't know why I always make egg soup when the kids are home with the sniffles. I suppose it's because it's easy to make with whatever's around the house on a day when I didn't expect to be making somebody else lunch. The steamy broth feels good in stuffy sinuses and noses and the protein from the egg gives you a little energy when you haven't got much to spare. And you can make it when there's no leftover chicken on hand for chicken soup.

My mom used to make egg soup for me, too, when I was sick, but hers was absolutely basic: eggs, scrambled and mixed with a can of chicken broth. As I recall, the whites had a way of adhering gloppily together in a way I'd have found hard to take, when I didn't have the invalid's open-minded attitude about soup.

When I got round to making egg soup for my own kids, I had strong ideas. I felt it should be full of things that taste good even when you aren't sick, such as shiitake mushrooms and caramelized shallots. The first time I made it, I happened to have some stock left over from steaming some chicken with Shaoxing wine and honey the previous night. The final soup was so good that the wine and honey became part of the recipe, as did fish sauce and slivered wonton.

The steamy broth feels good in stuffy sinuses and noses and the protein from the egg gives you a little energy when you haven't got much to spare. And you can make it when there's no leftover chicken on hand for chicken soup.

Of course, the vaguely Southeast Asian-inflected soup that is our house standard is only one among the world's many lovable egg soups. I have a particular weakness for the Mediterranean ones, such as the Greek avgolemono with its tart-yet-soothing melange of lemon, egg, rice and parsley. And while stracciatella (that's "shredded," in Italian), Roman egg drop soup, may be a whole lot thicker than its Eastern cousins what with the Parmesan and the greens and sometimes even semolina flour it's still a comfort and a joy on those chilly fall days.

It was one such day in October when my Barred Rock, One Patch, at last produced her first egg. I stood outside the coop peeking in, wet leaves saturating my ankles and a cold breeze finding its way down my neck as One Patch glacially, stoically went about her business. "I'll probably catch a whopper of a cold," I thought to myself. But when she finally rose from her nest, I went round to the egg door to find the first of her treasure, speckled, brown and warm, and I knew I held an antidote worth any host of ills.

Note: I've scaled these recipes down to one generous bowlful, because they really do make splendid single servings for a soul-boosting lunch at home, or for a sick loved one. But if you'd like to serve more, simply scale up proportionally.


Recipe: Stracciatella

There are perhaps as many versions of this soup as there are cooks. Some have spinach or chard; some hold the semolina. I like this one because it's got a bit of body to it, and the finely chopped parsley yields a pronounced green flavor without swamping the soup in foliage.

Stracciatella

Makes 1 serving

2 cups plus 2 tablespoons chicken stock (homemade if possible)

1 large egg

2 tablespoons finely chopped flat-leaf parsley

1 1/2 tablespoons freshly grated Parmigiano-Reggiano

2 teaspoons semolina flour

Salt to taste

In a small saucepan, bring the 2 cups of chicken stock to a bare simmer.

In a measuring cup with a spout, combine the remaining 2 tablespoons chicken stock, egg, parsley, Parmigiano, semolina and a pinch of salt, whisking vigorously with a fork to break up any semolina lumps.

Gently tip the egg mixture into the simmering broth, whisking the broth constantly. Whisk briskly for fine egg fibers, or more languidly for thicker ones. (If you prefer thinner soup, hold back a bit of the egg). The egg will set within moments. When it does, remove pan from heat immediately. Season to taste and serve piping hot.


Recipe: Not My Mother's Egg Drop Soup

I mean no disrespect to my mom, who could be an outstanding cook. But she was also pragmatic and would never have bothered chopping vegetables for a single-serving soup when a can of broth plus an egg would do. This egg drop soup is more Southeast Asian in flavor than the usual Chinese-restaurant soup. If you happen to have some spare wonton skins on hand, they make terrific, easy noodles that are invariably pleasing to little ones.

Not My Mother's Egg Drop Soup

Makes 1 serving

2 teaspoons vegetable oil

1 medium shallot, sliced into thin rings

2 or 3 shiitake mushroom caps, sliced thin

1 large egg

2 teaspoons Shaoxing cooking wine

1 teaspoon fish sauce

2 cups chicken stock (preferably homemade)

1 or 2 wonton skins, finely sliced into noodles (optional)

Few drops honey, to taste

Few sprigs cilantro, finely chopped

Chopped scallions (optional)

In a small saucepan (just large enough to accommodate the whole single-serving soup), heat teaspoon oil until it just shimmers. Add sliced shallot and cook, gently, over medium heat, until it begins to caramelize in spots (4 or 5 minutes).

Raise heat to high and add the remaining teaspoon of oil and sliced mushrooms. When mushrooms begin to sizzle a little, reduce heat and cover pan to help steam to tenderness, another few minutes.

Meanwhile, whisk egg thoroughly with shaoxing and fish sauce. When mushrooms are tender, add chicken stock and bring to a bare simmer. If using wonton-skin noodles, add now.

Gently tip the egg mixture into the simmering broth, whisking the broth constantly. Whisk briskly for fine egg fibers, or more languidly for thicker ones. Taste for seasoning and add a few drops of honey to taste.

Garnish with chopped cilantro and scallions, if desired. Serve piping hot.


Recipe: Double Lemon Avgolemono Soup

This recipe is adapted from The Olive and The Caper (Workman 2004), a splendid Greek cookbook by Susanna Hoffmann. Avgolemono should be smooth, with no curdled egg threads, so don't reboil the soup once you've stirred in the egg. I like mine sprinkled with chopped chives, though it's perfectly good without.

Double Lemon Avgolemono Soup

Makes 1 serving

2 cups chicken stock, preferably homemade

2 tablespoons uncooked orzo

Salt to taste

1 large egg

1 1/2 tablespoons fresh lemon juice

Freshly ground black pepper for serving

Finely chopped chives (optional)

In a small nonreactive saucepan, bring stock and orzo to a simmer over high heat. Reduce heat and simmer until orzo is tender but not mushy, about 9 minutes. Taste and season with salt to taste.

In a medium bowl, beat egg until frothy. Whisk in lemon juice, then slowly beat in a bit (about 1/2 cup) of hot stock, whisking vigorously.

Remove saucepan from heat and whisk in egg and lemon mixture. Serve immediately, without reboiling, finished with black pepper and chive if desired.


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Tuesday, October 30, 2012

Oregon State's New Cheese Plant Aims To Break The Rind

Oregon State University food science and technology students mix a batch of havarti cheese in a cheese making class.

Oregon State University food science and technology students mix a batch of havarti cheese in a cheese making class.

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Oregon State University food science and technology students mix a batch of havarti cheese in a cheese making class.

Oregon State University food science and technology students mix a batch of havarti cheese in a cheese making class.

It's football season at Oregon State University. And that means tail-gating, grilling, and....cheese?

When we think of Oregon, we don't necessarily think of cheese. Maybe a nice Pinot Noir, but not cheese. But, this fall Oregon State University's new cheese plant rolled out it's first batch of product: A specialty alpine cheese (like Swiss, Comt, or Gruyre) dubbed by the students "Beaver Classic". It's a mild cheese, with nutty flavors like caramelized onions.

OSU started online sales this week, but home football game sales of the stuff have been underway since early September. The team started winning around the same time. "I think that demonstrates the power of cheese," says Lisbeth Goddick, an extension dairy processing specialist and head of OSU's cheese program.

The college creamery is a hallmark of many land-grant universities in the U.S. It gives students hands on experience, provides food safety and production training to state businesses, tests products and flavors, and provides the campus (students, staff, and alumni) with a healthy supply of milk, cheese, butter, and most importantly, ice cream.

"What you see with these different creameries in different regions of the country is that each has their own niche products. At Wisconsin and Washington it's cheese, and ours is ice cream," says Tom Palchak, manager of Penn State University's Berkey Creamery, which boasts 150 flavors of ice cream. A lot of it has to do with tradition, and some draw on food formulas developed more than 50 years ago.

"Generally the grandest product, the ones with the most following, are the ice cream products," says Jason Huck, head of Cornell University's dairy plant.

But OSU is focusing on the gourmet cheese route.

After 30 years of closed doors, OSU's cheese plant re-opened in 2009 with a new philosophy and a unique product. "We certainly wanted to go with a specialty cheese type. We didn't want to go with a cheddar or a mozzarella," says Goddik. This meant bringing in equipment from France and Holland.

Some other universities have gone a similar route with specialty cheeses: Washington State University produces specialty cheddar in a can (called Cougar Gold) and the University of Wisconsin at Madison makes gouda and juustolepias (a Finnish cheese) plus many commercial varieties. Huck says Cornell is working on a specialty cheddar, as well.

In addition to educating students, the goal is grow the local dairy markets, not compete with them. In OSU's case, that also means growing the local artisan cheese market, which now consists of about 20 vendors. In the cheese business, start-up costs can be quite pricey, so OSU allows cheesemakers to come in and use plant to produce their first cheeses for up to a year. "Then at least they can generate money. We've been quite successful in getting small artisan cheese companies off the ground," says Goddik. In 2003, Oregon had three artisan dairy companies. Today, the state has 25 artisan cheese companies and one artisan milk producer.

Stateside, Vermont boasts the most artisan cheesemakers per capita, while Wisconsin produces about a quarter of the country's cheese (21 percent of which is artisan-made). So will there now be some campus competition among the curds and whey? Nah, there seems to be room for everybody.

"Wisconsin has an advantage because they have so much cheese making knowledge in the state," says Bill Klein, who manages UW Madison's Babcock Dairy Plant. It's frequently a family business, handed down from generation to generation.

But Vermont's running strong. Jody Farnham, administrative director of the University of Vermont's Institute for Artisan Cheese (not a creamery, but a teaching facility), says "We think this rise in artisan cheese making is still rising," says Farnham. "It hasn't peaked yet."


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More Tips For Feeding The Family, Hurricane Edition

Our readers were buzzing with ideas after yesterday's post on keeping the family well-fed during Hurricane Sandy-related power outages. What topped their list of topics? Egg safety, coffee preparedness, and what to do with pantry goods.

So we thought we'd round up some of the best of your suggestions, plus a few new tips, as we plow through Day 2 of the storm.

Sterno-type cooking in 1948. Many people still use these cooking tools today when disaster strikes.

Sterno-type cooking in 1948. Many people still use these cooking tools today when disaster strikes.

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Sterno-type cooking in 1948. Many people still use these cooking tools today when disaster strikes.

Sterno-type cooking in 1948. Many people still use these cooking tools today when disaster strikes.

Early on yesterday, Salt reader Lari Robling of Philadelphia tweeted her pre-storm priorities: "Grind your coffee beans while you have power. Give that hand can opener a good cleaning bacteria thrives in those crevices."

Robling knows hand can openers. She's the brains behind Endangered Recipes, a book and website dedicated to tapping our grandmothers' forgotten recipes, and she works on a healthy food project for member station WHYY called Fit. She tells us storms remind her that in many parts of the world, hauling water and makeshift cooking are the norm.

Many other readers agree that the hand can opener is a storm cook's best friend for eating beans, tuna, and evaporated milk right out of the can. Crackers, bread and cold cereal are your pairings with these items right now.

And Robling has more ideas on what to unearth from the pantry:

"I always have buttermilk powder and egg white powder in my pantry. They are shelf stable and good not just for emergencies but for when you just don't feel like going out to the store if a recipe you want to do calls for them. Also, canned evaporated milk in the 5-ounce cans. It substitutes for cream in soups and if you melt some cheese it is a decent cheese sauce and mixed with cooked pasta is a decent mac and cheese substitute."

Of course if you have a gas stove or a gas grill outside and it's safe enough to go out, you can cook just about anything on it, as reader Dave Baldwin noted in the comments yesterday. "You don't have as much control, so you have to raise/lower pots to get the temperature right, but it works. You can even bake, in a Dutch oven, although again you don't have anywhere near the control you would in your nice gas range," he wrote. Just be careful about keeping the cooking area well-ventilated.

Other options readers suggest include sterno cans and chafing dishes, but we'd recommend against cooking raw meat on them. You might want to keep a thermometer handy and remember to ventilate if you're considering breaking them out. And check out the video below of how to set up a sterno and portable stove.

For the Boy Scouts among us, our pals over at Serious Eats did a round up a couple of years back about sternos, butane burners, and survivalist camp stoves. And former Gourmet editor Ruth Reichl tweets that she's using her fireplace to fry eggs this morning.

As your frozen items start defrosting, think soup, many readers tell us. And invite the neighbors over to use up leftovers or have a group cookout, once you can go outside safely.

Whether you get outside or you're stuck inside for awhile, lots of us are going to have to throw out some food after the storm. There's no way around it if the power's off for several hours or days (see this list to keep everything as safe as possible).

But one of the more heartbreaking issues new moms face during power outages like this one that can last for days includes losing frozen breastmilk. Over at the San Diego Breastfeeding Center, they report that breastmilk can stay safe in a full freezer once the power's out for 48 hours, sometimes more, plus they have some helpful tips on storing it longer.

Speaking of longer storage, a few of you weighed in on the eggs issue. In yesterday's post, we listed eggs among the perishables to use up, in addition to milk. While the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention considers eggs perishable, folks in other countries sometimes store them in the cupboard.

Anna Vigren reports on the science that shows eggs are pretty disease resistant and that there's no need to store eggs in the fridge unless they're known to have been laid by a hen infected with Salmonella. Cook them thoroughly, in any case.

And if you're still stuck at home with kids and there's power and pantry items aplenty, here's Food 52's list of projects like soft pretzels and peanut butter cookies.


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Sandwich Monday: The PB&P

A look within.

A look within.

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A look within.

A look within.

The Peanut Butter & Pickle Sandwich dates back to the Great Depression. It's great if you're transported back in time to 1930 and you forget to bring Powerbars, or, say, if you're stuck in your house with limited pantry options as a big hurricane heads your way. The New York Times says the PB&P is "a thrifty and unacknowledged American classic."

Ian: As New York Times endorsed sandwiches go, this is way better than the Paul Krugwich.

Robert: It's a weird combination. It's a bad sign when even pregnant women won't eat it.

Robert tries it.

Robert tries it.

i
Robert tries it.

Robert tries it.

Ian: The reason the Peanut Butter & Pickle sandwich was popular in the Great Depression was because people didn't have money for the more traditional sandwich, the Anything & Anything Else.

Leah: Yeah. This pairs great with a nice shoelace and mule hoof stew.

Eva: This was part of FDR's New Deal program to get unemployed pickles back to work.

This is the last thing I remember.

This is the last thing I remember.

i
This is the last thing I remember.

This is the last thing I remember.

Ian: Wow. It's not bad. I haven't been this surprised by a sandwich since that White Castle slider came to life and begged us to stop eating it.

Robert: Reese's, are you listening? America wants a Pickle Butter Cup.

Don't judge a sandwich by its cover.

Don't judge a sandwich by its cover.

i
Don't judge a sandwich by its cover.

Don't judge a sandwich by its cover.

Eva: I always thought mixing peanut butter and pickles was lethal...or maybe that's bleach and ammonia. Can't remember.

Ian: Subbing in pickles is like having Tebow come off the bench. By that I mean pickles are bad at football.

[The verdict: surprisingly not bad. The pickles provide a nice texture and sweetness. That said, no one wanted more.]

Sandwich Monday is a regular feature from the staff of "Wait, Wait...Don't Tell Me..." Sandwich Monday has no nutritional or educational value whatsoever, may cause heartburn, and it's possible that reading it will make your eyes fat.


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Monday, October 29, 2012

Six Tips For Feeding The Family During A Storm-Related Power Outage

People try to get through the aisles at Whole Foods Market in midtown in New York on  Sunday before the storm.

People try to get through the aisles at Whole Foods Market in midtown in New York on Sunday before the storm.

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People try to get through the aisles at Whole Foods Market in midtown in New York on  Sunday before the storm.

People try to get through the aisles at Whole Foods Market in midtown in New York on Sunday before the storm.

Before you brave the rain, wind and inevitable lines at the already depleted grocery store today in the mid-Atlantic region, take a deep breath.

If you're a moderately good grocery shopper, you probably already have the food you need on hand to make it through the next few days if (when) we lose power due to Hurricane Sandy. (If not, best to find a shelter near you.) But you do need to take extra precautions that what you're preparing is safe.

Here are some tips we've picked up preparing for power outages over the years, and from around the web this morning:

1. While you still have power, take stock of what you have in the freezer and the fridge. Use up leftovers and perishables like meat, eggs and dairy first, and decide which items you can't bear to lose, like those fancy frozen dumplings you've been saving, and cook them up for lunch or a snack right now. Blogger Jessica Berardi tells The Washington Post to fill up bags of water and stick them in the freezer to keep things extra cold or to double as ice packs once you have to move some items to a cooler.

2. Make a plan for using non-perishables like beans, tuna, pasta, cereal and canned fruit (here's a great pantry essentials list by blogger Pioneer Woman) that leaves you with as few leftovers as possible for example, one can of beans and a couple of cups of cooked rice will feed about three people for one meal.

3. Follow the comprehensive guidelines put out by foodsafety.gov for keeping things cold and safe once the power goes out. Biggest point keep the fridge and freezer closed as much as possible to preserve food as long as possible. And, the rule of when in doubt, throw it out, definitely applies here.

4. Gather disposable plates, plasticware, cups, aluminum foil pans and a cooler to make meal clean up easier. A big psychological boost for the storm-stressed cook can be not seeing those dirty dishes piled up in the sink.

5. Locate the matches and check that the propane tank is full on your gas grill. Obviously you can't cook outdoors during the storm, but it's possible that your power will be out long after the storm has passed, and you can use your grill to boil water and heat meals if you have an electric stove rendered useless by the power outage. Solar cooking might be an option once the sun comes out.

6. Make it fun for the family. School's closed. Send the kids on a treasure hunt through your cookbooks to track down recipes for what you can make from the items you've got. They might even try something new in the spirit of adventure.

What are your tips for staying safe and nourished during the storm? Send us your tips in the comments below or to our Twitter account @NPRFood.


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Saturday, October 27, 2012

For The Love Of Cheese, Diners Unite In Italy

Chef Massimo Botturo's recipe for Italy's Parmigiano-Reggiano night, Cacio e Pepe  risotto with cheese and pepper.

Chef Massimo Botturo's recipe for Italy's Parmigiano-Reggiano night, Cacio e Pepe risotto with cheese and pepper.

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Chef Massimo Botturo's recipe for Italy's Parmigiano-Reggiano night, Cacio e Pepe  risotto with cheese and pepper.

Chef Massimo Botturo's recipe for Italy's Parmigiano-Reggiano night, Cacio e Pepe risotto with cheese and pepper.

In Italy tonight, everyone's having the same thing for dinner, and there's no doubt that it's going to smell terrific.

Forbes magazine food and travel writer Larry Olmsted tells NPR's Jacki Lyden that it's Parmigiano-Reggiano night in Italy. It's all about the cheese and not that stuff you buy in the green plastic canister but the real stuff, made in the country's world-famous Emilia-Romagna region, in the city of Parma.

An inspector checks a wheel of Reggiano cheese at the Parmigiano-Reggiano storehouse in Bibbiano, Italy. Earthquakes rocked the region, sending the cheese toppling.

An inspector checks a wheel of Reggiano cheese at the Parmigiano-Reggiano storehouse in Bibbiano, Italy. Earthquakes rocked the region, sending the cheese toppling.

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An inspector checks a wheel of Reggiano cheese at the Parmigiano-Reggiano storehouse in Bibbiano, Italy. Earthquakes rocked the region, sending the cheese toppling.

An inspector checks a wheel of Reggiano cheese at the Parmigiano-Reggiano storehouse in Bibbiano, Italy. Earthquakes rocked the region, sending the cheese toppling.

Using social media and other methods to spread the word, Parmigiano-Reggiano promoters are "trying to get people all throughout Italy to eat the same meal at the same time, sort of a virtual, national sit-down dinner in people's own homes, and to a lesser extent, restaurants," says Olmsted. They're calling it the biggest Italian dinner in history.

Organizers say the dinner is designed to promote the revitalization of the Parma region. Cheese producers there are still struggling because earlier this year, a series of earthquakes toppled shelves containing millions of dollars worth of the cheese, aged for two years in giant, five-story buildings.

Looking at the warehouses before the quake, you'd see "nothing but cheese as far as the eye can see." Olmsted tells Lyden. "And the wheels are huge, like tires. They weigh 80-something pounds. Several hundred thousand of wheels of cheese fell off the shelves during the earthquake. So, long story short a lot of cheese hit the floor."

But it's not just cheese the region is famous for.

"All the good stuff comes from Parma," Olmsted says. Prosciutto di Parma. Two of Europe's largest food producers, agri-giant Parmalat and Barilla, are there. And Modena, next to Parma, is the epicenter of the gourmet vinegar trade, where Aceto Balsamico Tradizionale di Modena is made.

"If there is an Italian product you would go to a gourmet store to buy, there is a high likelihood it comes from Emilia-Romagna," Olmsted writes. "But the key is the cheese the king of cheese."

Now there's a new push to make sure it's hitting the saucepan thanks to world-famous Italian chef Massimo Bottura of the highly rated restaurant Osteria Francescana in Modena.

Bottura developed the recipe Italians will be serving tonight, using that world-famous cheese. It's called cacio e pepe, pasta with cheese and pepper but there's a twist.

Olmsted says Bottura "switched out the pasta for a risotto because northern Italy is rice-based rather than pasta-based. And then he switched the cheese, which would normally be a local Roman cheese. He substituted the Parmiganio-Regginao to sort of tie the whole country together in this one fairly simple dish."

"To me, it's the iconic cheese of the Italian cuisine," Bottura himself told NPR. "I believe in this. I believe in tradition. I believe in quality of the food you eat."

According to Olmsted, hundreds of thousands of Italians are expected to take part in tonight's dinner.

If you'd like a seat at the table, Chef Bottura shared with us a copy of his risotto recipe, below.


Risotto Cacio e Pepe

3 1/4 pounds Parmigiano-Reggiano, aged for 30 months

4 quarts still mineral water

17.5 ounces Vialone Nano or other arborio rice

1 tablespoon extra-virgin olive oil

1 teaspoon white peppercorns

1 teaspoon Szechuan or black peppercorns

1 teaspoon long Jamaican peppercorns

1 teaspoon Sarawak peppercorns

Parmigiano-Reggiano water, made 24 hours ahead

To make the Parmigiano-Reggiano water: Grate the cheese and mix with the room-temperature mineral water in a large pan.

On the stovetop, slowly heat the water until the Parmigiano-Reggiano starts to form threads at the bottom. A thermometer will read between 176 and 194 degrees Fahrenheit. Remove the pan from the heat and let it to cool to room temperature. Cover with plastic wrap and leave overnight in the fridge.

The next day, take the solid part that has formed on the top and place it in a bowl. This will be used to cream the risotto. Strain remaining solid part to collect the Parmigiano-Reggiano water. Cut the solid part into thin slices and cook in the microwave for a couple of seconds. This is tasty with crackers!

To make the risotto: Over low heat, simmer Parmigiano-Reggiano water in a pot. Put the olive oil in a heavy-bottomed pan. Add the rice and toast until it starts to warm up.

Wet the rice with the Parmigiano-Reggiano water. Stir and continue cooking, adding liquid as you would with any risotto. About three-quarters of the way through cooking, add a little bit of the solids that separated from the Parmigiano-Reggiano water.

When the rice is ready, in 30-35 minutes, remove the pan from the heat and briskly mix in the remainder of cheese to give the risotto a creamy texture.

Crack the pepper individually and grind the Jamaican pepper. Spread the risotto out on a plate and sprinkle generously with the various types of pepper. Serves 4.


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