Friday, January 4, 2013

FDA To Release Rules To Strengthen Safety Of Food Supply

Farmworkers like these in California picking produce may soon be required by the FDA to take more precautions against spreading foodborne illness. Enlarge image i

Farmworkers like these in California picking produce may soon be required by the FDA to take more precautions against spreading foodborne illness.

Farmworkers like these in California picking produce may soon be required by the FDA to take more precautions against spreading foodborne illness.

Farmworkers like these in California picking produce may soon be required by the FDA to take more precautions against spreading foodborne illness.

After a year of high-profile food recalls, the Food and Drug Administration is releasing Friday two proposals designed to boost the safety of the nation's food supply.

One rule is expected to cover operations at fruit and vegetable farms. The other would require food processors to have detailed plans for preventing contamination of their products.

FDA is expected to discuss the rules at a noon press conference.

A recall involving salmonella in peanut products in September eventually led to the shut down of a Sunland, Inc. facility for nearly a month. The company makes peanut butter and other related items for several major national brands, including Trader Joe's. And there have been a string of E. coli-related recalls this year involving Canadian beef.

The move comes two years after president Obama signed the Food Safety Modernization Act into law, giving the Food and Drug Administration broader power to require food facilities to develop food safety plans and new authority to recall tainted food.

Back when the bill was signed, consumer groups, many food manufacturers, and public health advocates were hopeful that the Obama administration would move swiftly to put new rules in place to prevent foodborne illnesses. "We have a new course for food safety in America that's going to place prevention at the center," said Pamela Bailey, president and CEO of the Grocery Manufacturers Association, back in December 2010.

But the regulations reportedly sat at the government's regulatory review office for months. This prompted two nonprofits, the Center for Food Safety and The Center for Environmental Health, to file a lawsuit against the agency, alleging "unreasonably delayed regulations." FDA recently asked a federal court to dismiss the suit.

FDA says it has devoted enormous time and resources to the development of the rules.

"Although FDA has been unable to meet the aggressive statutory timelines ... there is no indication that Congress believed that strict adherence to those timetables is more important than careful consideration and development of these complex regulations," the agency says in its motion.

Congress exempted the smallest farms those that sell less than $500,000 of produce each year, and deliver most of it to local consumers from these regulations. But many small farmers are still worried that they will, in fact, have to follow the new rules, raising their costs. Safety advocates, for their part, are concerned that the FDA will not require vegetable producers to carry out extensive and expensive testing of their products to detect harmful bacteria.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says 48 million Americans are sickened by tainted food, 128,000 of them are hospitalized, and 3,000 die each year.

Stay tuned right here and on All Things Considered tonight for more details on what the rules will mean for the food industry and consumers.


Thursday, January 3, 2013

Drought Puts The Squeeze On Already Struggling Fish Farms

Catfish swim in a tub outside the Osage Catfisheries office.

Catfish swim in a tub outside the Osage Catfisheries office.

This year's drought delivered a pricey punch to US aquaculture, the business of raising fish like bass and catfish for food. Worldwide, aquaculture has grown into a $119 billion industry, but the lack of water and high temperatures in 2012 hurt many U.S. fish farmers who were already struggling to compete on a global scale.

At Osage Catfisheries, about one mile off the highway in rural, central Missouri, there are dozens of rectangular ponds with rounded corners. Some of them are empty, some have water, but not one is completely full.

Co-owner Steve Kahrs dons a pair of shorts on an unusually warm December day and surveys his ponds. Today, the water is fairly still with a few ripples from the warm breeze. He stands in front of one pond filled with catfish about eight to 12 inches long and points to the dirty rings circling up a white PVC pipe for about a foot before it becomes white again.

"They're out of the water a ways," he says. "Our average depth is still about five feet. But we're a good 10 or 12 inches down of where we'd keep it."

Down the highway a few miles, Kahrs' office can be found in a small house next to two tiny ponds where his father first started raising fish about 60 years ago. Scattered about the property are sinks and large tubs filled with catfish, bluegill and paddlefish. Kahrs says this year, the drought proved to be tough on the family business one that sorely depends on water.

"We did fall short on our production numbers that we wanted," he says.

The dry conditions and high temperatures forced many fish farmers here to dig deep to keep their fish healthy and fed. For Kahrs, that meant paying for more energy to pump clean, cool water out of his wells and into the ponds around the clock.

"We probably chewed through about 30 percent more of our power than we did the year before, and the year before was not that good," he says.

It wasn't just the water levels. The soaring temperatures in the summer turned up the burner on the ponds. When that happens, oxygen levels in the water drop and a fish's metabolism slows down. To counteract this, Kahrs says he was pumping water nearly every day from April through September.

Osage Catfisheries drained this catfish pond to make room for another, potentially more lucrative species, such as paddlefish or bass.

Osage Catfisheries drained this catfish pond to make room for another, potentially more lucrative species, such as paddlefish or bass.

Farmers also saw the price of fish feed shoot up because it contains soybean and corn, which underperformed this year because of the drought.

John Hargreaves, a former aquaculture professor at Mississippi State University who now consults for global aquaculture development projects, says acreage of catfish ponds have dropped considerably since the early 2000s. The rising production costs of fish farming, erratic weather and a less expensive type of catfish from Asia have all hurt the catfish industry in the US.

"Production is down, and one of the big drivers for that was the increase in imports of pangasius catfish from Vietnam, China and so forth," he says. "Those imports have substituted for domestic catfish."

Between 2010 and 2011, 20 percent of domestic catfish farms shut down. And as we reported before, seafood imports are also hurting the domestic shrimp market.

So what can fish farmers do to survive the stiff competition and spells of inhospitable weather? Some researchers have been looking into modifying the pond system to make it more energy efficient. Others are experimenting with new feed recipes requiring less expensive ingredients. But, Hargreaves says, even that might be not enough to save this domestic industry.

"There's no silver bullet or game changer. That's for certain," he says.

In the meantime, Kahrs plans to repurpose at least 20 acres of catfish ponds to raise other species, like paddlefish and bass. He hopes they'll be more lucrative. But most of all he's hoping for a solid snowpack this winter and lots of rain in the spring.


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Hold That Mini-Burger: Restaurants Forecast Food For 2013

Sliders. We're over them, the National Restaurant Association says. Enlarge image i

Sliders. We're over them, the National Restaurant Association says.

Sliders. We're over them, the National Restaurant Association says.

Sliders. We're over them, the National Restaurant Association says.

Still ordering gazpacho and sliders at your favorite restaurant? Not pre-screening restaurant menus before you make a reservation? Well, hop in the DeLorean and set the chronometer to 2013: You're really behind the times.

Technology is in and bacon-flavored chocolate is out, says a recent survey of 1,800 chefs across the nation.

The survey, part of the National Restaurant Association's latest Restaurant Industry Forecast, categorized 198 menu items as "hot trends," "yesterday's news" or "perennial favorites." Meant to be an annual snapshot of the entire restaurant industry, the forecast also predicts trends in restaurant technologies and consumer attitudes in the coming year, says Hudson Riehle, Senior Vice President of Research at the NRA.

Restaurant consumer expectations are high, even before they walk in the door. More than half of adult patrons will check out a restaurant's menu online before their visit, the report says.

And about that menu? One of this year's hottest restaurant tech trends includes in-house iPad menus, which offer customers high-resolution photos and detailed descriptions of dishes.

The survey also notes the growing popularity of take-out, delivery and food trucks, especially by younger patrons. "Roughly 70 percent of restaurant industry traffic is now off-premises... [and] 18 to 34 year-olds have a higher propensity to use off-premises meal solutions," Riehle says. As we've reported before, the millennial generation tends to make food decisions based on convenience.

While convenience is key for younger customers, trends also suggest that sustainability and sourcing will also be important values for consumers in 2013. The survey predicts that entre trends featuring locally-sourced meats and sustainable seafood will become increasingly popular, though perennial comfort food like barbecue and macaroni and cheese are also here to stay.

Dietary and health concerns may also influence restaurant offerings nationwide, in smaller meal portions, vegetarian appetizers, whole-grain options for kids and wheat-free pastas for the gluten avoiders, the survey predicts. Of course, the government's new requirement to list calories on the menu may also have some influence here.

Other hot trends include house-cured meats, artisanal cheeses and gourmet lemonade. And in addition to locally grown organic produce, hyper-local items, such as vegetables raised in restaurant gardens, are also expected to ramp up in 2013.

"Among Americans now, there is a heightened level of interest in food overall, and that runs the spectrum from farm to fork," says Riehle. This interest could stem from the growing popularity of cooking shows and culinary school graduates, he says.

Rising levels of food awareness could also explain the growing international trends on the menu. Peruvian food is expected to be the hottest fad in ethnic cuisine, while ethnic-inspired items, like chorizo scrambled eggs and coconut milk pancakes, are predicted to replace former breakfast favorite, chicken and waffles.

"The typical American palate is now much more sophisticated than 10 to 20 years ago...[it is] more able to discern flavors, foods and spices. [Americans are] much more educated about the cuisines that restaurants have prepared," Riehle tells The Salt.

But if you've got a restaurant, you need to focus. Instead of satisfying every hot trend in the forecast, Riehle says it's most important for to understand your customers and your location.

Riehle says the key is, know your demographic.


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Apes Have Food, Will Share For A Social Payoff

Bonobos sharing food and friendship. Enlarge image i

Bonobos sharing food and friendship.

Bonobos sharing food and friendship.

Bonobos sharing food and friendship.

People have been sharing food with strangers since ancient days, offering up the household's finest fare to mysterious travelers. Think Abraham and the three men of Mamre in the Bible and the folks who take in strangers after natural disasters like Hurricane Sandy. That deep tradition of generous hospitality has long been thought uniquely human.

If so, then bonobos, those gregarious African apes, may be more like us than we thought.

"The pairs that are unfamiliar with each other are the ones that shared most often," says JingZhi Tan, a graduate student at Duke University who tested bonobos' penchant for sharing food and discovered that they not only share with strangers, they even offer their fruit and nuts to an unfamiliar bonobo faster than they will feed one they know well.

Bonobos, like humans, are acutely social, and often eat together. With both species, it works. Children and other vulnerable relatives get fed, social ties are strengthened and alliances formed.

But humans also developed a rich tradition of feeding strangers, one that's embedded in religion and literature the xenia of ancient Greece, promoted by Zeus, the god of travelers. Back then there were practical reasons for selfless hospitality. It allowed people to travel far from home in the days long before Holiday Inns and drive-throughs. Stingy hosts were reviled, but so were guests who failed to be properly grateful. When Paris made off with his host's wife, Helen, in the Iliad, that faux pas kicked off the Trojan War.

But could hospitality be important to apes? Tan and his colleagues at Duke had done experiments with bonobos two years ago that showed that bonobos would share food with unrelated bonobos, rather than hoard it. Now they wanted to find out just how far that spirit of sharing went. So they created a series of experiments with bonobos living in a sanctuary in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.

The series of experiments gave bonobos the ability to decide whether they would share their apples, bananas, papayas, and peanuts by giving them control over doors in a room. (See how the researchers did it in this video.)

In the first experiment, the scientists created a setup where one bonobo was put in a room with food. That bonobo could choose to open two doors leading to two other rooms one housing a friend, the other, a stranger.

All of the bonobos opened a door to let in another, rather than dine alone. And nine of the 14 animals chose dining with the stranger over the familiar face the ape equivalent of a restaurant's communal table.

What's more, when the familiar bonobo was invited to join the feast, it was almost always by the stranger, who would have considered that bonobo a new face. None of the animals fought over the food, and there was quite a bit of the friendly genital rubbing that's made bonobos renowned in animal behavior-land.

Then the scientists tweaked the layout. In another experiment, the bonobos were isolated in separate cages, with food in a compartment in between. Offered the option of sharing the food without physical contact, not one of the seven bonobos tested pulled a rope that would have let another reach through to the food. The results were published online in the journal PLoS One.

So it looks like if you're a bonobo, sharing food is only worth it if it's a social event. Bonus points if you're meeting someone new. It's fascinating behavior, but the researchers say it's not clear that this is altruism. "If you're being nice to a stranger, it's not necessarily unselfish," Tan told The Salt. It's easy to see the benefits to humans in sharing a meal with a stranger, even in modern times. Good conversation, future business partners, a broader social network maybe even romance. Perhaps bonobos see those potential payoffs in a meal shared, too.


Wednesday, January 2, 2013

Docs Discover Drug-Spiked Eggplant Sent Beijing Diners To Hospital

Don't blame the braised eggplant. Two people reportedly poisoned a Beijing restaurant's eggplant dishes, similar to the one shown here, in an attempt to boost the business of a rival eatery. Enlarge image i

Don't blame the braised eggplant. Two people reportedly poisoned a Beijing restaurant's eggplant dishes, similar to the one shown here, in an attempt to boost the business of a rival eatery.

Don't blame the braised eggplant. Two people reportedly poisoned a Beijing restaurant's eggplant dishes, similar to the one shown here, in an attempt to boost the business of a rival eatery.

Don't blame the braised eggplant. Two people reportedly poisoned a Beijing restaurant's eggplant dishes, similar to the one shown here, in an attempt to boost the business of a rival eatery.

Here at NPR, we've heard about some wacky food scandals. There have been gingerbread houses harboring bad bacteria, turkeys trotting around with arsenic in their guts and a prison hooch that brewed up botulism.

But a recent report from China may take the cake - or should we say, the eggplant.

Two people in a Beijing restaurant intentionally laced the eggplant dishes with enough of a blood pressure drug to send 80 diners to the hospital. Everyone recovered, but 34 of them had to have their blood pumped to remove the drug.

Over the past few years, China has experienced a string of food safety scandals. Steroid-boosted pork and antifreeze-tainted vinegar sickened hundreds last year. And, back 2008, melamine-spiked baby formula sent shock waves through the country.

But why the heck would a restaurant want to harm its customers?

According to a recent report in the Annals of Internal Medicine, the two perpetrators were in cahoots with the restaurant down the street, and they wanted to give it a "competitive advantage" by sickening their rivals' diners.

Such competitive poisoning is not unheard of in China. Just last year, The AP reported on a local dairy farmer who intentionally tainted his competitor's milk supply with nitrite.

In the eggplant incident, the miscreants hid the drug clonidine a white, odorless powder in the restaurant's starch. When the chefs thickened up the braised eggplant with the starch, they inadvertently served up a few nearly toxic stir-fries.

All diners that ate eggplant for lunch on April 23, 2010, fell sick almost immediately, the report says. They got dizzy and tired, suffered from nausea and blurred vision, and even started vomiting.

At a local hospital, doctors discovered potentially toxic levels of clonidine in their blood. They treated the patients for low blood pressure and within 48 hours, all their symptoms resolved.

Police eventually discovered the drug in the restaurant's starch and traced it to the neighboring restaurant. The two perpetrators were convicted and sentenced to one year in prison, the report says.

Efforts to reach Chinese officials who wrote the report were unsuccessful, so we turned to a a domestic poison expert for insights.

Toxicologist Wendy Klein-Schwartz says the criminals probably chose clonidine because it's a potent drug that takes only a tiny amount to cause serious symptoms. "They wouldn't need to put a lot [of the drug] into the eggplant so people probably wouldn't notice it. It wouldn't change the taste," she says. "That's just my guess."

Klein-Schwartz helps run the Maryland Poison Center. She says clonidine is especially dangerous for kids. It's on the "one pill can kill list" for children under 6, and each year, about 1,500 young children in the U.S. go to the emergency room after accidentally taking the drug.

"Even when a kid's taken just one tablet, we're very worried about this," she says.

Usually this occurs when a toddler grabs his grandma's blood pressure drug from a table, she says, not from Chinese takeout.

Nonetheless, the Annals report cautions that doctors treating what appears to be a foodborne illness should also consider drug spiking as a potential cause.


Tame Wild Game In The Kitchen

Rabbit And Dumplings

Get recipes for Ragout Of Wild Boar, Rabbit And Dumplings (above), Roast Venison Loin With Blackberry Bordelaise and Alligator Sauce Piquante.

Growing up in the South, I always felt out of place because we never went hunting. Most of my friends went. All of my extended family went. But, in my family, my father was more of a fisherman than a hunter.

I was in the fifth grade when one of my dad's co-workers showed up at our house with a venison roast. I pounced at the opportunity to freak my sister out by eating Bambi. As I recall, my mother made a delicious pot roast in the slow cooker and served it with rice and gravy. I had seconds, maybe thirds, while my sister cried and ate a peanut butter and jelly sandwich.

Hunting and eating game has ebbs and flows of controversy. There are those who find certain animals are "too cute to eat." Others say hunting is "cruel" or "inhumane." Some just don't want people in the woods with guns.

My wife, who had a pet rabbit for many years, recoiled in horror when I laid out a full rabbit carcass for the family to inspect. She vowed to try the final dish as long as it didn't look anything like its original bunny form. A fair compromise. When she tasted the dish, she admitted that it was delicious.

Early humans, of course, hunted to eat. Meat didn't come from the supermarket. And as hunting has been more regulated and has waned in popularity, certain animals have become so numerous they've spilled out of the wild into suburban and urban parking lots.

About The Author

Peter Ogburn is a radio and television producer who loves food and cooking for his family. Originally from South Carolina, he has a soft spot for a good biscuit, pork products and his mama. He will go to great lengths to find out why we eat the things we eat. He also enjoys daring his two young sons to eat things they might otherwise find gross. He lives in suburban Maryland with his wife, boys and giant dog.

When winter approaches, there is not enough food for this growing population to eat. So deer slowly starve or wander into residential areas looking for food. Hunting can help control the wild deer population man is their natural predator. Hunters have lived off the land with a great deal of environmental consciousness since before it became fashionable.

In an age of food scares, there is no more natural food than wild game. It eats what it finds in the wild and is far more active than a caged animal, so the meat is typically lean and lower in fat. Game also is delicious. Some people decry the "gamey" taste. It does not taste like the farm-raised beef, chicken and pork with which eaters are most familiar. I find it a taste worth cultivating.

I still don't hunt, so I buy farm-raised game for a taste of the wild. While a little milder, it is a delicious introduction to eating and cooking game. Alligator, venison, boar, rabbit, bison, elk and other game meats are increasingly available at markets or online. Or, make friends with a hunter.


Recipe: Ragout Of Wild Boar

If you are new to wild game cookery, this would be a good place to start. Wild boar is wild pig. They are aggressive animals with dangerous tusks. Boars are much more muscular than their farm-raised relatives, so their meat can be extremely tough. If you don't have a friend or relative who hunts boar, you can find it at a good butcher or online. A rich ragout or stew will ensure tender pieces of meat, while leaving plenty of room for error. It is hard to overcook this dish.

Ragout Of Wild Boar Enlarge image i
Ragout Of Wild Boar

Makes 6 to 8 servings

3 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil

2 pounds cubed wild boar leg or shoulder

Salt and pepper

1 large onion

2 carrots, finely chopped

2 stalks celery, finely chopped

1 jalapeno pepper, seeds and rib removed, finely diced

4 cloves garlic, crushed

1 cinnamon stick

1 dried bay leaf

2 cups red wine

1 cup canned crushed tomatoes

2 cups chicken or vegetable stock

Wide-noodle pasta, such as pappardelle

Grated hard cheese, such as Parmigiano-Reggiano

In a Dutch oven, heat olive oil over medium-high heat. Season boar meat with salt and pepper, and brown. Remove meat from pan and add onion, carrot, celery and jalapeno. Cook until lightly browned, then add garlic, bay leaf and cinnamon stick. Cook 2 minutes, then add crushed tomatoes.

Once tomatoes have been incorporated, add red wine and stock. Return browned meat to the pot. Cook uncovered over low heat about 2 hours or until meat is extremely tender. The longer it cooks, the more tender the meat will become. You don't want it to be falling apart. Think of it like a pot roast. If the mixture becomes too dry, add some water to ensure it keeps the consistency of a hearty sauce. When ready to serve, remove bay leaf and cinnamon stick.

Serve on top of a wide pasta such as pappardelle with grated hard cheese such as Parmigiano-Reggiano.


Recipe: Rabbit And Dumplings

Rabbit is extremely lean, so a long braise will ensure the meat isn't too tough. I've amended my classic chicken and dumplings recipe for rabbit and filled the stew with several vegetables that the animal would have eaten in the wild. I recommend doing the braise a day ahead. Spacing out the cook time will make the labor-intensive task of picking the meat easier. Have no fear. This dish is worth the effort. There is nothing better than pulling this hot dish out of the oven on a cold evening.

Rabbit And Dumplings recipe Enlarge image i
Rabbit And Dumplings recipe

Makes 8 servings

Stew

3 tablespoons vegetable oil

All-purpose flour, for dredging

Salt and black pepper

2 rabbits, cut into 7 pieces

1 cup onion, coarsely chopped, plus 2 cups onion, large diced

2 stalks celery, coarsely chopped, plus 1 cup celery, large diced

1 small carrot, coarsely chopped

4 cloves garlic, coarsely chopped, plus 2 cloves finely minced

6 cups chicken stock

3/4 stick of butter

1 cup sweet potato, 1/2-inch diced

1 cup turnip, 1/2-inch diced

2 tablespoons fresh thyme

2 tablespoons fresh sage, finely chopped

2 cups dry white wine

1/2 cup all-purpose flour

Few dashes of hot sauce, if desired

Dumplings

1 cup all-purpose flour

Salt and fresh black pepper

Pinch of cayenne

1 tablespoon baking powder

1 tablespoon melted butter

2 large eggs

1/2 cup buttermilk

For The Stew

In a large pot or Dutch oven, heat vegetable oil over medium-high heat. Mix flour, salt and pepper in a bowl, and dredge rabbit pieces. Sear them in hot oil. Work in batches so you do not overcrowd the skillet. Brown meat on both sides. When all the pieces are golden brown, remove from the pan and set aside.

Lower the heat to medium. Add the 1 cup of onion and 2 stalks of celery coarsely chopped, the carrot and the 4 cloves of coarsely chopped garlic. Saute until lightly browned. Return rabbit to pot, along with chicken stock. Let this simmer until the rabbit is tender, which should take about 90 minutes. Remove the rabbit and let it cool. Meanwhile, strain and reserve the braising liquid. At this point, you can refrigerate the rabbit overnight. If you want to do it all at once, wait for rabbit pieces to cool, then pick the meat from the bones and reserve.

Heat 1/4 stick butter in a large pot or Dutch oven (I use a large cast iron skillet). Add remaining onion, sweet potatoes, remaining celery and turnips and cook over medium heat until lightly browned.

Add herbs, minced garlic and wine and cook over medium-high heat until reduced by half. Add 1/2 stick butter and stir in 1/2 cup flour. Stir continuously for 3 minutes to make a roux. Add in reserved broth from the braising process. Cook about 30 minutes, or until vegetables are fork tender. Add rabbit meat and adjust the stew for seasoning. If using, add hot sauce.

For The Dumplings

Preheat oven to 375 degrees.

In a medium-size bowl, combine flour, salt, black pepper, baking powder and cayenne. In another medium-size bowl, mix melted butter, eggs and buttermilk. Gently combine with flour mixture.

Using a small spoon, drop dumplings onto rabbit mixture. Don't worry they won't sink. Place the entire uncovered dish in the oven and cook for 30 minutes. The rabbit stew will be bubbling hot, and dumplings will have developed a delicious brown top.


Recipe: Roast Venison Loin With Blackberry Bordelaise

While there are many rustic recipes for preparing wild game, this recipe highlights the elegance of game meats. The combination of unfussy seasoning with a twist on a classic sauce allows the pure gaminess of the meat to come through.

Roast Venison Loin With Blackberry Bordelaise Enlarge image i
Roast Venison Loin With Blackberry Bordelaise

Makes 4 to 6 servings

Bordelaise Sauce

1 1/2 tablespoons unsalted butter

2 shallots, coarsely chopped

1 tablespoon cracked black pepper

1 bay leaf

6 to 8 sprigs fresh thyme

1'2 cup cabernet sauvignon or another dry red wine

2 cups veal or beef stock

1 cup fresh blackberries

Venison

2 pounds venison loin roast

Salt and pepper

Vegetable oil

1/4 stick butter

Start with the sauce. In medium-sized saucepan, melt butter. Add shallots and saute until translucent. Add black pepper, bay leaf and thyme. Continue cooking 2 minutes. Add wine. Bring to a boil, then lower heat to medium-low. Let simmer until mixture is reduced to 1/2 cup. Strain sauce and keep warm over low heat.

Preheat oven to 425 degrees. Season roast generously with salt and pepper. In medium-sized frying pan (I prefer cast iron), heat vegetable oil over high heat. When hot, sear venison on all sides. Add butter and baste roast to prevent it from drying out. When all the sides have developed a crusty exterior, put the whole pan in the oven and let roast until internal temp reaches 155 for medium rare (about 20 minutes.)

While the roast rests for 10 minutes, add blackberries to the warm bordelaise sauce. Stir to mix. The point isn't to cook the blackberries, but to incorporate them into the sauce. Slice roast against the grain. Add any accumulated juices to the sauce and spoon over meat.


Recipe: Alligator Sauce Piquante

If you haven't had alligator, you've probably heard that it "tastes like chicken." If you have, you've probably had it in fried nuggets. While a good piece of fried alligator is tasty, this is a versatile meat and can be used in many different preparations. Look for tail meat for this recipe. It's widely available online or, if you're lucky, from a local butcher. This is adapted from a recipe from Louisiana chef John Folse's book After the Hunt - Louisiana's Authoritative Collection of Wild Game & Game Fish Cookery (Chef John Folse and Co. 2007). If you can't make your own fish stock, you can substitute water.

Alligator Sauce Piquante Enlarge image i
Alligator Sauce Piquante

Makes 6 servings

1 cup vegetable oil

1 cup all-purpose flour

2 1/2 pounds alligator meat, cut into 1-inch cubes

2 cups diced onion

2 cups diced celery

1 cup diced green bell pepper

1/4 cup minced garlic

1/4 cup jalapeno pepper, seed removed

1 (28-ounce) can diced tomatoes, with juice

2 quarts fish or shellfish stock

2 cups button mushrooms

3 bay leaves

1 tablespoon fresh thyme leaves

2 tablespoons chopped fresh basil

Salt and black pepper to taste

1/8 teaspoon red pepper flakes

1/4 cup chopped parsley

1/2 cup sliced green onions

Steamed white rice

In a large, heavy-bottomed pot, heat vegetable oil over medium-high heat. Whisk in flour, stirring constantly until a dark brown roux is achieved.

Add alligator and saute 10 to 12 minutes. Stir in onions, celery, bell pepper and garlic and saute 3 to 5 minutes, or until vegetables are wilted. Stir in jalapenos and cook an additional 2 minutes.

Add tomatoes with juice, stock, mushrooms, bay leaves, thyme and basil. Blend well, then season lightly with salt, pepper and red pepper flakes. Bring mixture to a rolling boil, reduce heat to simmer and cook 1 hour, or until meat is tender, stirring occasionally. Additional water or stock may be added during cooking to retain stewlike consistency.

Add parsley and green onion and adjust seasonings to taste. Serve hot over steamed white rice.


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Tuesday, January 1, 2013

Drinks, Diets And Meat: Hits Of 2012, Predictions For 2013

Some of The Salt's most popular posts of 2012 included coffee, pink slime and Downton Abbey.

Some of The Salt's most popular posts of 2012 included coffee, pink slime and Downton Abbey.

As the new year begins, we here at The Salt are looking back at the food topics that got you talking in 2012, and pondering which conversations will continue in 2013. (And, like many of you, we're also firmly swearing off the holiday cookies.) So, instead, feast your eyes on this roundup of our top stories from the past 12 months:

Drinking: Whether it was the secret to taste behind today's craft beers, the potential bone benefits of wine for boomers, or cooling down with a hot drink on a summer's day, if the headline said beer, wine or coffee, it was pretty much a traffic winner.

The top post of 2012 was the story of a group of Belgian monks who are making their pricey beer temporarily more available to the world in order to raise funds to renovate their abbey. The No. 2 post? A quirky historical piece on how coffee drinkers literally lost their heads in 17th century Turkey.

Looking ahead, we predict old ways will continue to inspire today's bartenders and brewers (mead, anyone?). And when it comes to cocktails, expect the unexpected (yes, there's bacon-flavored vodka).

Diets: Speaking of bacon, there really can be too much of a good thing (see death by bacon, No. 9).

The No. 4 post of the year was a diet post not the kind about three quick tips to lose the belly fat (we wish it were that simple!), but about how eating low-glycemic foods like brown rice and veggies can help you feel fuller, longer.

But we didn't just look at diet in the traditional sense of losing weight. We tackled all kinds of things that influence our diets: the evolution of lactose intolerance (No. 3), why organic food may not be healthier (No. 5), McDonald's surprising cachet in France (No. 6) and why, in the post-Downton Abbey era, British food was so bad for so long (No. 7.)

Other popular posts pondered chocolate and metabolism (No. 10) and how to make skinnier cocktails. On weightier matters, we tackled myth-busting on genetically modified seeds, pondered tossing expired food (No. 8) and explored what folks are doing about food waste.

2012 saw the genetically modified food label initiative go down in defeat in California, but supporters say it's just the beginning of a new food movement that is trying to understand where our food comes from. We don't see that trend going away anytime soon.

Meat: Speaking of where food comes from, we spent a lot of time this summer thinking about meat. The result: Meat Week, a collaboration with Morning Edition that included popular posts on the rationale behind the meat-centric paleo diet and some original graphics breaking down the numbers behind America's meat-eating ways.

As people continue to question antibiotics in our chicken and other meat-safety issues, we're sure we'll have plenty of meat to write about in 2013.

Happy New Year.


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